What Factors Distinguish criminological positivism from classicism Essay Example For Students

What Factors Distinguish criminological positivism from classicism Essay View of justice system, positivist, scientific treatment to cure pathologies and rehabilitate offenders. Classicalist, social contracts exist to protect society; due process and concern with civil rights; restriction on system. We see the positivist trying deal with criminality with science and treat whilst the classicalist from a legal prospective. Managing the crime, positivist, therapy, drug treatment, behavioural regimes. Classicalist, emphasis that punishment for deterrence; sentencing are fixed lengths going back to their policy that punishment should be proportionate to the crime committed. We will write a custom essay on What Factors Distinguish criminological positivism from classicism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Positivism says treat the criminal with therapy and other scientific means and the classicalist says one has to be punished with a fixed sentence, again we see one school looks at a scientific means to reduce social disorder and the other one trys to find a legal process to deal with the problem. Criminological experts: the experts who hold the positive view are mainly scientist and treatment experts. The experts who hold a classicalist view are mainly philosophers and social reformers. Positivist, are mainly scientist and treatment works because they believe that due to the advancement in science they can explain things and treat individual. The classicalist, are mainly philosophers and social reformers because they already have the opinion that all human are autonomous beings and everyone is equal and if one assumes that then one has to take into consideration that naturally people make rational choices, classicalism has a political element where it says about a social contract with the government and when breached you will be punished because the government is there to protect citizen rights. I have finished explaining the two theories and the major points in each one also I have explained and distinguished the factors that make each theory different from each other. Now I will summaries everything in my conclusion. Conclusion I have distinguished and contrasted the two theories and found the factors that contrast them and make the two schools different from one another. I must say that none of the theories are wrong nor does any evidence suggest that they are full of flaws but it is open to debate. Positivist approach may be seen by some as an ideal way to deal with social disorder some may disagree and say classicalism is far more better in dealing with social disorder, my opinion is that in modern times id rather approach social disorder from a positivist perspective. Bibliography Roger Hopkins Burke 2001, an introduction to criminological theory, Devon: Willan publishing. Frank P. Williams III, Marilyn D. Mc Shane 1999 third edition, criminological theory, New Jersey: Prentice hall Lecture 3 notes handouts.

Classical Decomposition Model essays

Classical Decomposition Model essays Classical Decomposition Method for Calloway Golf (1995-1999) For this paper I have gathered quarterly data on the sales of Calloway Golf Company from 1995 to the third quarter of 1999,and will attempt to fit a time series model using the Classical Decomposition Method, which uses a multifactor model shown below: Yt = actual value of the time series at time t The trend component (T) in a time series is the long-run general movement caused by long-term economic, demographic, weather and technological movements. The cyclical component (C) is an influence of about three to nine years caused by economic, demographic, weather, and technological changes in an industry or economy. The seasonal variations (S) are the result of weather and man-made conventions such as holidays. These can occur every year, month week, or 24 hours. The error term (e) is simply the residual component of a time series that is not explained by T, C, and S. There are two general types of decomposition models that can be used. They are the additive and multiplicative decomposition models. Multiplicative: Y = T * C * S * e As you can see above the type of seasonality can be determined by looking at the plot of the data. The determination of whether seasonal influences are additive or multiplicative is usually evident from the plot of the data, but this is not the case with the data for Calloway as you can see from the first graph of the quarterly sales. While it is my pretension that the seasonal influences for Calloway are multiplicative, I will use both methods and compare the two models to determine which is a better fit for the quarterly data for Calloway Golf. In the multiplicative decomposition model, which is the most frequently used model, Y is a product of the four components, T, C, S, and e. C and S are indexes that are proportions centered on 1. Only the trend, T, is measured in the same ...

Nothing Gold Can Stay by Robert Frost and Where the Sidewalk Ends by Assignment

Nothing Gold Can Stay by Robert Frost and Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the second half of the poem Nothing Gold Can Stay by Robert Frost talks about the consequences of having a good thing in a society. The part is viewed as an observation of the natural world. The poem describes identical moments in a life cycle. They are the daily, mythic and yearly. The poem uses each cycle to describe how something deemed to be perfect turns out to be the opposite of what is expected. Spring, down and Eden is used to describing situations where people are at the peak of their lives like being a young child and progressing with time to be an old man. In sum, Nothing Gold Can Stay by Robert Frost has a meaning that things or individuals who are highly upheld or successful are the same ones that are easily corrupted by times. The description is given by the speaker or poet of Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein reveals that the poet is conversant with the place. However, the through his words à ¢â‚¬Å"rest from his flight† reveals that the speaker is not comfortable with the present situation in the mentioned place. In the second stanza, it is clear that the speaker yearns for freedom in a different place other than the one they currently are in. However, despite the place â€Å"Where the Sidewalk Ends† is the challenge, the speaker is positive to come out victorious and this might represent a life situation which is threatening, but one comes out of it victorious. The arrows, however, represent a slim chance of hope as they are drawn using chalk. Chalks are easily washable and this can only mean that the speaker’s hopes of finding a way out were slim. The problem in â€Å"Where the Sidewalk Ends† is however solved when the speaker states that the children who drew the arrows knew the directions and would draw them once again in the eventuality of the arrows being washed down by rain. This could only mean that there are no impossible situations an d to even those that seemed impossible, a solution was just lying within waiting to be discovered.

Conflict of Religion and Slavery in the Frederick Douglass Narrative Essay

Conflict of Religion and Slavery in the Frederick Douglass Narrative - Essay Example Religion is not the domain of the dermatologist. The arguments of the whites to view religion from the perspective of color needs to be dismissed without further arguments, as only lunatics can forward such a point of view. Those who justify slavery quoting scriptures are like Satan quoting the Bible. They just do not possess an elementary knowledge about the revelation. Douglass encounters with the so-called Christians, who treat slaves in the most inhuman style, shake his belief in religion. Mr. Severe, overseer in charge at Colonel Lloyd’s plantation, is one of such individuals. As the divinity intervenes he dies as soon as Douglass arrives there. The gullible and innocent slaves take it as a blessing from God. The replacement for his place, Mr. Hopkins, is a good person. The love-hate tussles as for religion in his mind continue, and he thinks that it is a good fortune that he is not one of the slavery victims when he is selected and shifted to the Great House Farm, where life is comfortable. The cruel strokes of destiny fallen on his grandmother who is left to die alone shake his faith in God, and he puts his judgment to test by asking questions about His style of functioning. What deeply pains Douglass is the hypocrites donning the garb of preachers as guardians of religion. Some of them are Master Thomas, the Methodist who holds the sla ves on the plea that he takes care of them, but in reality he does not spare even a crippled girl named Henny from his practices of cruelty. At St. Michael’s, a Sabbath school for slaves established by Whiteman is closed under the violent threats by white religious zealots. Religion, as it is practiced, never helps the cause of blacks, and Douglass mentions Mr. Rigby Hopkins, one of the sterling religious hypocrites, who derives sadistic pleasure in beating his slave on silly pretexts. Such religious leaders quote from the Bible selectively, and their assertions are out of the context. Douglass writes, â€Å"I have said my master found religious sanction for his cruelty. I have seen him tie up a lame young woman, and whip her with a heavy cow skin upon her naked shoulders, causing the warm red blood to drip; and, in justification of the bloody deed, he would quote this passage of Scripture ? ‘He that knoweth his master’s will and doeth it, not shall be beaten wi th many stripes.’ † (Douglass 52). This is the highest form of insult to Christianity. Thus, in the mid-1800s, religion is used as the tool to destroy the emotional world of the slaves and break their psyche. Severe whipping is normal which often causes bodily harm to the slaves. Their working hours are long, from the sun-rise to the sun-set in the open farms, in all kinds of weather. With no educational facilities and no scope for personal empowerment possible for the slaves, the doors to the knowledge world remain shut for them from the cradle to the grave and from the womb to the tomb! In Douglass’ time, slavery is being practiced at its worst. The majority of the religious clusters in America barring the Society of Friends support slavery. That is the period when the North and South are vertically divided by the issue of slavery. The Christians of the North favor the abolition of slavery, but the Southerners are adamant about retaining it and thoroughly convi nced that it has the religious sanctity. The worst part is the condemnation and appreciation of slavery is done in the name of Christianity. So, the politics of religion dominates the issue of slavery. Douglass does not condemn Christianity as such, but his strong resentment is

Strategic Management In International Business Essay

Strategic Management In International Business - Essay Example Marks and Spencer (M&S) is a leading UK-based company specialized in clothing, homeware, food, furniture, beauty, financial service and, energy products (M&S Home Page 2009). The country selected for penetration is the Slovak Republic. The choice was not accidental: with the development of European Union new markets represent unlimited opportunities for M&S to expend their activities. Slovak Republic is one of the potential geographical regions for M&S to expand its activities and gain larger market share. This location was selected because the Slogan Republic is an attractive tourist destination for many European tourists, so it would help M&S to attract wider target audiences in summer and in winter (Dobson and Starkey 43). There are many challenges associated with opening a business in the Slovak Republic. The analysis of the whole issue shows that retail businesses are more likely to develop new markets. According to the recent research, foreign companies are likely to build a business around new emerging technology. The general situation can be regarded as rather positive. An increasing role of unions forces M&S to spend much cost on labor resources increasing wages and social provisions. High labor cost can result in decreasing revenues and profitability of the industry. On the other hand, new technologies and automation allow retailers to decrease prices and improve service quality. The Slovak Republic can be seen as an outpost for further expansion in this region. The country is known for importing a wide range of products. The company strongly recommends many states will have to cope with mandatory standards and private sector voluntary standards. The Slovak Republic is an active participant of the EU-led operation, so it will be easy for M&S to conduct its financial operations and meet trade regulations.

Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life

Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life Egypt is one of the oldest cultures on earth. Part of that culture is the religion of Islam. The practices of Egypts modern society, including sexuality, are deeply rooted in both its religious and secular history. Yet, like any modern society, the Egyptian people are exposed to the influences of the rest of the world. It is a world with much different values and practices than those of the Prophet Mohammed and previous generations. Regarding sexuality, the combination of duty to tradition and desire for liberation represents a serious struggle in daily Egyptian life. The Quran and Islamic law heavily influence civil law and social practices in Egypt. This influence started in the middle of the seventh century A.D., when the Arabs conquered Egypt. At the time, Egypt was ruled by the Byzantine Empire and was suffering religious persecution under them. The Egyptians welcomed the Arab invaders and, over the next several centuries, gradually converted to Islam. This eventually led to the current religious makeup in Egypt today of about 90% Muslim and 10% other, mostly Coptic Christians (US Central Intelligence Agency). The Islamic law or sharia practiced today is not just a restatement of the Quran. Rather, it is a mix of those verses, observations of the behaviors of Mohammed (sunnah) and interpretations of Mohammeds teachings developed over the centuries by Islamic legal scholars. But, how many of these laws does the average Egyptian citizen know? As in most societies with numerous and complicated laws, the average persons legal knowledge comes mostly from verbal instruction and hearsay. This leaves compliance with the law open to misunderstandings and manipulation. For the individual, this causes uncertainty and anxiety. In compliance with Islamic beliefs, sexual relations in Egyptian society are only allowed between a legally married couple. A high value is placed on virginity at the time of marriage. However, lifelong celibacy is discouraged. Extraordinary measures, by Western standards, are taken to uphold the societys moral standards. These measures fall generally into the categories of avoiding unsupervised contact between genders and avoiding arousal of sexual urges. Since Egypt is a male dominated society, the responsibility for avoiding premarital relations rests predominately with the female. Egyptian society assigns stereotypical roles to men and women. The men are the breadwinners and protectors, while women are expected to maintain the household and raise the children. Since the men need to move about freely to fulfill their role, women are required to curtail their travels to avoid arousing the men. Ideally, when leaving the house, a responsible male from her family, typically a brother or her father, should accompany an unmarried woman. However, in modern Egypt many young women attend college or have jobs where constant family supervision is impractical. Also, when outside the house, a woman is expected to wear modest clothing and cover all exposed skin except face and hands. Again, the purpose of this is to avoid the sexual arousal of the males who may see her. Egyptian womens efforts to avoid attracting male attention are not working well. Sexual harassment is prevalent in Egypt. In an interview with the Washington Post, one Egyptian woman commented, â€Å"The more women veil the less men learn to behave as decent and civilized members of society and the more women are harassed, the more they veil thinking it will protect them (Knickmeyer). In a travel advisory, the US Department of State says that a 2008 survey of Egyptian men determined that 78% had sexually harassed women. Harassment experiences create anxiety and internal conflict in Egyptian women. They are making a sincere effort to avoid the problem by covering up. Yet, they are unsuccessful and have been raised to believe that such problems are their fault. The practice of avoiding encounters between genders for unmarried people creates a huge problem. Courtship as known in Western culture, including hand holding, hugging and kissing, is prohibited. Thus, it is difficult for a couple to fall in love and get to know each other well enough to consider marriage. The historical answer has been for the family to assist their children in finding suitable mates. Families identify perspective mates for their children and arrange meetings in the presence of the womans family. However, this environment limits the extent to which the couple can get to know each other and results in less certainty in compatibility than would be expected in societies that permit unsupervised courtship. It also contributes to internal conflict in the individuals involved. That is, personal uncertainties about the potential mate conflict with family expectations for young people to marry by a certain age. In recent years, the high cost of getting married and economic conditions in modern Egypt have made it difficult for Egyptian men to afford marriage. In Egypt, the groom and his father pay for the wedding and must give a dowry or mahr to the bride. For the typical wedding, this cost amounts to several years wages of both the groom and his father (Singerman, 21-22). This is forcing young Egyptians to put off marriage until they can save the required money. For people living by the Islamic rules and avoiding premarital sexual relations, this waiting increases sexual frustration and can lead to depression. The impact of high marriage costs on a young couples finances and a weak courtship procedure contribute to a high failure rate for Egyptian marriages. Egyptian government statistics show that 34.5% of marriages fail in their first year (Al Khamissi). For comparison, in the US approximately 70% of couples married between 1990 and 1994 were still married ten years later (US Census Bureau). An alternative to the high cost traditional marriage is an urfi (secret) marriage. In this form of marriage, the couple draws up a marriage contract and verbally declares that they are married. Typically the contract is not registered with the government and the couples families are not informed. While this type of marriage is inexpensive and allows them to have sexual relations, it can create other problems for the couple. If the sexual relations result in a pregnancy, it becomes difficult to keep the marriage secret. The couple must either disclose their marriage or get an illegal abortion. Also, the couple must still deal with the stress and anxiety associated with keeping the marriage secret. They must find places to meet and justify the time spent apart from their families. People who arent able to get married may look for alternative outlets for their sexual needs. Typical possibilities include Internet pornography, masturbation and prostitution. None of these are looked upon favorably in Egyptian society. Thus, the person is faced with another conflict; endure the sexual frustration or the guilt and risk associated with these other sexual outlets. According to Google Trends, Egyptians are among the world leaders in seaching for the word â€Å"sex† on the Internet. However, viewing pornography violates Islamic law set forth in the Quran. â€Å"Lo! Allah enjoineth justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk, and forbiddeth lewdness and abomination and wickedness. He exhorteth you in order that ye may take heed (Pickthall: Quran 16:90).† Therefore, by choosing this behavior the person is choosing one banned act over another (sex outside of marriage). Conclusions Past generations of Egyptians accepted the sexual restrictions imposed by law and tradition because they were raised in that environment, learned that concept of self and had little opportunity for comparison to practices in other cultures. However, improved communications through the Internet and other media have raised questions in the minds of Egyptian youth about these customs. They see premarital sex and publicly expressed sexuality in Western media and desire those freedoms and pleasures for themselves. For now, the conflict between individual sexual desires and societys restrictions on sexual activity occurs mostly within the individuals in Egyptian society. However, as Western culture and values influence more and more young Egyptians, it is likely that a more visible struggle for increased sexual latitude will develop between them and the fundamentalists, who demand to retain the old customs.

Drugs Essay -- Pharmacokinetics, Lasix, Water Pill

Lasix Pharmacokinetics Lasix is known as the â€Å"water pill† it’s a diuretic administrated orally.(1) The active ingredient of Lasix is furosemide, but also includes a number of inactive ingredients including lactose monohydrate NF, magnesium stearate NF, starch NF, talc USP, and colloidal silicon dioxide NF. (1) The peak effects of furosemide are typically seen within the first hour of two after a dose of the medication. (1). Lasix is prescribed for individuals to treat edema that may arise from congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or renal disease. (1) In adults, furosemide may also be taken to treat hypertension itself.(1) Furosemide comes in 20, 40, and 80mg tablets as well as oral suspensions.(2) Furosemide is absorbed rapidly from oral suspension at 50 minutes, and from tablets at 87 minutes.(2) Food may slow down the absorption of the drug and alter the bioavalibitly.(1) Furosemide binds to plasma proteins, albumin being the main plasma protein that furosemide binds to, at 91-99%, and peak plasma concentrations increase with the increase of a single dose.(2) Furosemide is excreted through the urine and the remainder is excreted in the feces. (2) The half-life for furosemide is approximately 2 hours but the diuretic effects last 6-8 hours. (2) Dosage Schedules and Routes of Administration Furosemide is available in tablets, sublingual tablets, oral suspension, and intravenously. (2) The recommended schedule dose for adults for an initial dose is 20 to 80mg. (3) The same dose as well as higher doses may be administered 6 to 8 hours following the previous dose if needed. (2) When titrating doses it may be raised by 20 to 40mg but not within 6 to 8 hours after the initial dose, and this may continue until the desi... ...hat makes the length of time the the medication is active much longer. (1) After opiates bind opiates are bound to the receptor a messanger such as cyclic AMP express the symptoms that are shown.(1) Mechanism of Toxicity Buprenorphine is contraindicated in patients with patients who opiate agnoist hypersensitivity.(1) It has been shown that CNS and repiratory depression macy occur with therapeutic doses of buprenorphine and can increase with ethanol intoxication.(1) Buprenorphine increass the tone and decreases the contractions of smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract resulting in constipation.(1) The metabolism of buprenorphine is directed by CYP3A4 isozyme, when administer with protease inhibitors it may decrease the clearance of buprenorphine.(1) This will increase the the levels of the medication in the plasma and can experience toxic effects(1)